Electronic Toll Collection System based on Radio Frequency Identification System

This papaer entitled electronic toll collection system based on Radio Frequncy Identification System explained in detail based on current issue at toll collection system. There are some obstacles faced every day where the users spent their valuable time in queue at tollgate due to traffic congestion as well as using traditional manual method in most existing toll ETC system to collect toll from road users. Besides that, the barrier design where each vehicle stop waiting until barrier lift which consider source of time delay. To tackle stated problems, an electronic toll collection system is proposed which based on RFID technology. The integrated system consists of two main sections, electronic sides where all input data received from while database management office is where all necessary information stored. To compare the current ETC system, in this research elaborated internet of things where all data transmit through cloud and then to the main office in real time. Not only that, there is some enhancement based on barrier design where, gate is remained open for all vehicles with sufficient tags without requiring to stop to eliminate time delay.By check system throughput compare to existing toll systems, various tests have been carried out in different method where proposed system throughput much higher percentage the current system

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Somaliland’da ilkokul terkin belirleyici faktörleri.

TEZ11887Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2019.Kaynakça (s. 46-56) var.xix, 64 s. : tablo ; 29 cm.Bu çalışma, 2013 Somaliland Hane Halkı Anketi (SHA) verilerini kullanılarak ve lojistik model analizi kullanılarak Somaliland'daki ilkokul terkinin sosyoekonomik belirleyicilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Amaç, hanehalkı ve bireysel özellikler olarak sınıflandırılan ilköğretim okulu bırakmanın sosyoekonomik belirleyicilerini ve öğrencilerin okulu bırakma üzerindeki etkisini ve ilköğretim seviyesindeki öğrencilerin okulu bırakmayı azaltmak için olası herhangi bir politika ikamesini araştırmaktı. İlköğretim okulu terkinin farklı lojistik regresyonları şu boyutlara göre projelendirildi: kırsal ve kentsel. Model tahmin edildikten sonra, her model için marjinal etkiler gözlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, evli bir çift aileden, yüksek gelirli hanelerden ve eğitimli ebeveynleri olan öğrencilerin okullara alındığını göstermiştir. Olasılık oranları tüm modellerde negatiftir, bu da okulu bırakan bir çocuğun daha düşük olasılığını gösterir. Bununla birlikte, hanehalkı büyüklüğü, ilkokula uzaklık ve öğrenci cinsiyeti, çocuğun okula bırakma olasılığını artırmakta, bu nedenle, ücretsiz Evrensel İlköğretim'in (ÜEİ) ilkokulların erişilebilirliği ve okulların azaltılması üzerindeki içgörüsel etkisini göstermektedir. Son olarak, bu çalışma hükümet için ilkokulların erişilebilirliğini arttırmasını ve okul müdürleri tarafından alınan okul ücretlerini yakından takip etmesini önermektedir, çünkü bu durum özellikle yoksul ailelerden ve kırsal bölgelerdeki okulları bırakma sayısını arttırma ihtimali vardır. Hükümet, ülkesinde kendi kendine eğitim programları başlatmalı ve tüm ilköğretim okullarına ve meslek okullarına zorunlu ücretsiz ilköğretim eğitimi vermelidir; Bunun nedeni, ilköğretim okullarının öğrenim ücretini ödeyemeyen öğrencilerin eğitimlerine devam etmeleri beklenilmesidir. Sonuç olarak, bu şekilde verimsiz aile bireylerinin sayısı azalır.This study intends to scrutinize the socioeconomic determinants of primary school dropout in Somaliland by employing logistic model analysis using the 2013 Somaliland Household Survey (SHS) data. The goal was to explore the socioeconomic determinants of primary education dropout categorized as household and individual characteristics that influence the dropout of students and any possible policy substitutes to reduce dropout of students at the primary school level. Different logistic regressions of dropout of primary school were projected, taking the following dimensions: rural and urban. After the model was estimated, marginal effects were observed for each model. The results showed that pupils from a married couple family, higher income households and with educated parents were enrolled in schools. Their odds ratios are negative across all models, indicating a reduced likelihood of a child dropping out of school. However, household size, distance to primary school, and pupil gender increase the odds ratio that the child will drop out of school, therefore signifying the insightful effect of free Universal Primary Education (UPE) on both the accessibility of primary schools and the reduction of dropouts. Finally, this study recommends for government to improve the accessibility of primary schools and maintain close supervision on school fees taken by school principals, since this has the prospect of increasing the number of dropouts, especially children from poor families and in rural areas, to unsustainable levels. Initiate self-educating programs in country wise; and impose compulsory free primary education to all primary schools and vocational schools; this is because pupils who are unable to pay the tuition fee of primary schools are highly expected to continue their education. Consequently, in this way the number of unproductive family members is reduced

Géopolitique de Djibouti : des incertitudes de la naissance à l'espérance de l'âge adulte

http://www.karthala.com/hommes-et-societes-histoire-et-geographie/2647-djibouti-contemporain.htm